45 Other provisions

 
€m
  2007 2008
Other provisions, of which non-current: 2,511 (previous year: 3,015) 4,718 5,318

45.1 Changes in other provisions

 
€m
  Other
employee
benefits
Restructuring
provisions
Technical
reserves
(insurance)
Postage
stamps
Miscellaneous
provisions
Total
As at 1 January 2008 1,469 360 489 500 1,900 4,718
Changes in consolidated group 0 –5 0 0 7 2
Utilisation –610 –205 –68 –500 –1,155 –2,538
Currency translation differences –3 –19 –30 0 –68 –120
Reversal –28 –59 0 0 –211 –298
Interest cost added back 42 5 2 0 8 57
Reclassification –40 –54 0 0 –917 –1,011
Additions 452 1,924 104 500 1,528 4,508
As at 31 December 2008 1,282 1,947 497 500 1,092 5,318

The provision for other employee benefits primarily covers workforce reduction expenses (severance payments, transitional benefits, partial retirement, etc.).

The restructuring provisions comprise all expenses resulting from the restructuring measures within the US express business as well as in other areas of the Group. These are measures which relate primarily to termination benefit obligations to employees (partial retirement programmes, transitional benefits) and expenses from the closure of terminals, for instance.

The technical reserves (insurance) mainly consist of outstanding loss reserves and IBNR reserves; further details can be found in Note 7.

The provision for postage stamps covers outstanding obligations to customers for mail and parcel deliveries from postage stamps sold but still unused by customers, and is based on studies by market research companies. It is measured at the nominal value of the stamps issued.

45.2 Miscellaneous provisions

 
€m
  2007 2008
Tax provisions 256 328
Litigation costs 84 117
Risks from business activities 141 95
Postal Civil Service Health Insurance Fund 97 31
Welfare benefits for civil servants 29 25
Staff-related provisions 25 22
Home savings business (Deutsche Postbank Group) 710 0
Other provisions 558 474
Miscellaneous provisions 1,900 1,092

The decrease in miscellaneous provisions mainly results from reclassifying the amounts of the Deutsche Postbank Group in accordance with IFRS 5.

Of the tax provisions, €227 million (previous year: €133 million) are accounted for by VAT, €15 million (previous year: €27 million) by customs and duties and €86 million (previous year: €96 million) by other tax provisions.

Risks from business activities comprise obligations such as expected losses and warranty obligations. Miscellaneous other provisions include a large number of individual items, none of which exceeds €30 million.

45.3 Maturity structure

 
€m
  Less than 1 year 1 to 2 years
2 to 3 years
3 to 4 years
4 to 5 years
More than 5 years
Total

2008
             
Other employee benefits 276 219 166 112 126 383 1,282
Restructuring provisions 1,045 71 44 27 510 250 1,947
Technical reserves (insurance) 186 73 17 15 15 191 497
Postage stamps 500 0 0 0 0 0 500
Miscellaneous provisions 800 61 52 21 14 144 1,092
  2,807 424 279 175 665 968 5,318

2007
             
Other employee benefits 299 242 191 187 135 415 1,469
Restructuring provisions 161 121 31 24 14 9 360
Technical reserves (insurance) 144 81 19 17 16 212 489
Postage stamps 500 0 0 0 0 0 500
Miscellaneous provisions 599 540 190 125 101 345 1,900

1,703 984 431 353 266 981 4,718
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